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Particle-Size Distribution

(Concrete Engineering) Particle distribution of granular materials among various sizes; for concrete material normally designated as gradation. Usually expressed in terms of cumulative percentages smaller or larger than each of a series of sieve openings or percentages between certain ranges of sieve openings.

Water-Cement Ratio

(Concrete Engineering) The ratio of the amount of water, exclusive of that absorbed by the aggregates, to the amount of cement in a concrete mix. Typically expressed as percentage of water, by weight in pounds, to the total weight of portland cement, fly ash, and any other cementitious material, per cubic yard, exclusive of any aggregates.

Capillarity

(Concrete Engineering) A wick-like action whereby a liquid will migrate vertically through material, in a upward direction; as oil in a lamp travels upward through the wick,

Brinell Hardness Testing

(english) Method of determining the hardness of materials; involves impressing a hardened ball of specified diameter into the material surface at a known pressure (10-mm ball, 500-kg load for aluminum alloys). The Brinell hardness number results from calculations involving the load and the spherical area of the ball impression. Direct-reading testing are generally used for routine inspection of forgings, and as a heat treat control function.

Consolidation

(Concrete Engineering) Compaction usually accomplished by vibration of newly placed concrete to minimum practical volume, to mold it within form shapes and around embedded parts and reinforcement, and to eliminate voids other than entrained air.

Retempering

(Concrete Engineering) The addition of water and remixing of concrete which has started to stiffen: usually not allowed as it may affect the ultimate strength.

Billet

(english) (1) A semi-finished section hot rolled from a metal ingot, with a rectangular cross section usually ranging from 16 to 36 in., the width being less than twice the thickness. Where the cross section exceeds 36 in., the term “bloom” is properly but not universally used. Sizes smaller than 16 in. are usually termed “bars”; a solid semi-finished round or square product which has been hot worked by forging, rolling, or extrusion. (2) A semi-finished, cogged, hot rolled or continuous-cast metal product of uniform section, usually rectangular with radiused corners. Billets are relatively larger than bars.

Nitrification

(Environmental Engineering) The biological oxidation of ammonia and ammonium sequentially to nitrite and then nitrate. It occurs naturally in surface waters, and can be engineered in wastewater treatment systems. The purpose of nitrification in wastewater treatment systems is a reduction in the oxygen demand resulting from the ammonia.

Denitrification

(Environmental Engineering) The anoxic biological conversion of nitrate to nitrogen gas. It occurs naturally in surface waters low in oxygen, and it can be engineered in wastewater treatment systems.

Resultant:

(english) The resultant of a system of forces is a single force or moment whose magnitude, direction, and location make it statically equivalent to the system of forces.

Bauxite

(english) The only commercial ore of aluminum, corresponding essentially to the formula Al2O3xH2O.

Moist Room

(Concrete Engineering) A room used for storing and curing cementitious test specimens. The atmosphere of this room is maintained at a temperature of 73.4 3.0'F or 23.0*1.7'0 and relative humidity of at least 98 percent. These facilities must be adequate to continually maintain free moisture on the exteriors of test specimens.

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